In this lesson, Lawrence Summers explores why it’s critical to have a rational orientation to any problem. Many problems stem from having an unclear understanding of the situation at hand, Summers argues. Therefore, you must begin by defining the problem in the clearest terms possible and then ground yourself in the knowledge of your field.决策过程中，首先对问题有一个合理的定位至关重要。萨默斯认为，很多问题会产生都是因为人们对当下的情况没有一个清晰的了解。所以，解决问题的第一步，就是要以一种尽可能清晰的方式来明确这个问题，然后使用你的专业知识来解决这个问题。