Catarina Madruga talks about Portuguese exploration in the nineteenth century as European powers made plans to conquer Africa and colonize its peoples. Madruga is a post-doctoral researcher at the Natural History Museum of Berlin. She’s the author of “Expert at a Distance: Barbosa du Bocage and the Production of ScientificKnowledgeon Africa,”published in the Journal for the History of Science and Technology. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices