2. Short-term Memory
2.短時記憶

Yeah. You seesomeone memorize all 52 cards and order forwards and backwards. It just looksunreal. That's memory athlete, Nelson delis in 2012, he set a record when hememorized an entire deck of cards in 40 seconds. Let's back up. Yes, I did justsay memory athlete, but what is that? It is the ninth annual USA nationalmemory championship.
是 啊。你看到有人把52張牌都背下來，然后前后順序排列。只是看起來不真實。這就是記憶運動員，納爾遜·德里斯在2012年創造了一個記錄，他在40秒內記住了一整副牌。我們退后。是的，我剛才說的是記憶運動員，但那是什麼？這是第九屆美國國家記憶錦標賽。

Hello everyone.I'm Kenny rice and welcome to championship day. For most of us, we face thosedaunting daily memory tests, trying to keep up with the names of people we havemet over the course of the day. Did we get everything right on that shoppinglist? Of course the one that is boggled generations, where are the car keys?
大家好。我是肯尼·賴斯，歡迎來到冠軍日。對我們大多數人來說，我們每天都要面對那些令人生畏的日常記憶測試，試圖跟上一天中我們遇到的人的名字。我們把購物單上的東西都弄對了嗎？當然，令幾代人困惑的是，車鑰匙呢？

Well, today wewill take a look at some very talented mental athletes who have taken mentalprowess to a whole new level. Okay. Do you again, across the world? There arememory competitions that push the human brain to its limit. These competitionshave a ton of different events requiring people to memorize names, numbers,dates, events, and more at unbelievable speeds and quantities.
好吧，今天我們就來看看一些非常有才華的精神運動員，他們的精神力量達到了一個全新的水平。可以。你又來了，在世界各地？有些記憶競賽會把人腦推向極限。這些比賽有很多不同的項目，要求人們以難以置信的速度和數量記住名字、數字、日期、事件等等。

My name isNelson Dulles. I'm a four time USA memory champ, and a Grandmaster of memory.And I teach people how to remember better Nelson memorized over 200 names in 15minutes, he memorized over 300 numbers in five minutes. Right now he's evenworking on memorizing 10,000 digits of PI. So there's a lot to be shocked by,but watching someone memorize a deck of cards was the first event I ever sawthat really grabbed my attention.
我叫納爾遜·杜勒斯。我是四屆美國記憶冠軍，也是記憶大師。我教人們如何更好地記住尼爾森在15分鐘內記住了200多個名字，他在5分鐘內記住了300多個數字。現在他甚至在努力記憶1萬個圓週率。所以有很多事情讓我震驚，但是看著一個人背一副牌是我第一次看到的吸引我注意力的事件。

Nelson's right.It looks utterly impossible. Yes. Seven of spades, Jack of hearts. Yep. Basicclubs. Yes. So they have a deck of cards and you pick it up and then you runthrough it as fast as you can, whether you pick up a second deck of cards andreassemble that one to match the first deck of that one. Do memory athletesjust have special brains or is this a skill I could actually harness?
尼爾森說得對。這看起來完全不可能。對。黑桃七，紅桃傑克。是的。基本俱樂部。對。所以他們有一副牌，你拿起它，然后你儘可能快地瀏覽它，不管你拿起第二副牌，重新組合那張牌，使之與第一副牌相匹配。記憶運動員只是有特殊的大腦，還是這是我能真正掌握的技能？

Hi, I'm edAllard. And this is memory booster. Every episode you'll hear from a memoryexpert, from a leading university, from Harvard to Columbia and many more. I'lltalk to them about different kinds of memory, along with some other fascinatingmemory related topics. I'm curious about. At the end of every episode, we'llreview a trick technique or exercise you can use to make your memory work foryou.
嗨，我是埃德·阿拉德。這是記憶助推器。每一集你都會從記憶專家那里聽到，從頂尖大學，從哈佛到哥倫比亞等等。我會和他們談論不同類型的記憶，以及一些其他有趣的記憶相關話題。我很好奇。在每集的結尾，我們將回顧一個技巧或練習，你可以用來讓你的記憶為你工作。

Cardmemorization, like Nelsons takes place over the course of just a few seconds.That's what this episode is about. Short-term memory. I reached out to a memoryexpert to learn more about short-term memory. We'll hear from Nelson again,later in the episode, and don't worry, he explains exactly how he achieves thistrick.
卡片記憶，就像尼爾森一樣，只需幾秒鐘。這就是這一集的內容。短時記憶。我聯系了一位記憶專家，想了解更多關於短期記憶的知識。我們將在本集的后面再聽到納爾遜的消息，别擔心，他確切地解釋了他是如何做到這一點的。

I suppose, withMiriam alley and assistant professor at Columbia university in the departmentof psychology, you'll hear her talk about what short-term memory actuallymeans. What parts of the brain are responsible for short-term memory and afascinating way. We can remember more. Miriam's extensive research makes herfamiliar with lots of different types of memory, including short term.
我想，與米麗亞姆·艾利和哥倫比亞大學心理學系助理教授一起，你會聽到她談論短期記憶的真正含義。大腦的哪些部位負責短期記憶和一種迷人的方式。我們可以記住更多。米麗亞姆的廣泛研究使她熟悉許多不同類型的記憶，包括短期記憶。

I conductresearch related to how humans remember the world around them, how theyperceive the world and how they pay attention. And I do that with methods,including functional neuro imaging studies of patients that have brain damageand studies of behavior and eye movements and healthy individuals. I askedMiriam about short-term memory.
我進行的研究涉及到人類如何記憶週圍的世界，他們如何感知世界，以及他們如何關注。我用一些方法來做，包括對腦損傷患者的功能性神經成像研究，對行為、眼球運動和健康人的研究。我問米里亞姆關於短期記憶的問題。

And she saidthat researchers actually typically refer to that as something called workingmemory. Yeah. So we use working memory to refer to a kind of short lasting,relatively small storage memory system that we use when we want to keep someinformation active for a short period of time. So for example, if somebody is,uh, at a restaurant and that they give, uh, The waitress or waiter or theirorder, the waiter or waitress might use working memory to temporarily hold thatinformation in mind as they're writing it down and preparing to transmit it tothe kitchen.
她說，研究人員通常把它稱為工作記憶。是啊。因此，我們使用工作內存是指一種持續時間短、相對較小的存儲系統，當我們想讓某些信息在短時間內保持活動狀態時使用。例如，如果有人，呃，在一家餐廳，他們給，呃，服務員或服務員點的菜，服務員或服務員可能會利用工作記憶暫時記住這些信息，並準備將其傳送到廚房。

Um, the thingwith working memory, well, there's two things about working memory. One is thatit has a relatively limited capacity, so we can only hold on to a relativelysmall amount of information at any one time. So you might've heard that we canonly remember seven plus or minus two items and working memory at once.
嗯，關於工作記憶的事情，嗯，關於工作記憶有兩個方面。一是它的容量相對有限，所以我們在任何時候只能保存相對少量的信息。所以你可能聽說過我們一次只能記住7個正負2個項目和工作記憶。

Um, that'sprobably an overestimate. I think it's more like three or five. Um, that's thestandard in the field right now. So that means that. If somebody gives you fiveitems or five numbers to remember, you can do that pretty well. If somebodygives you a list of 20 numbers and asks you to hold that in your mind, that'smuch harder to do.
嗯，那可能是高估了。我想大概是三五個。嗯，這是現在這個領域的標準。所以這意味著。如果有人給你五個項目或五個數字要記住，你可以做得很好。如果有人給你一張20個數字的清單，讓你記住，那就難多了。

And the secondaspect, good working memory is that it decays when the information is not beingactively attended to or maintained. So that means that if somebody gives youtheir phone number, You can repeat it in your head for a while to try to keepit active. But if you were then distracted by a friend or a loud sound orsomething else, and you no longer rehearsed that information, it would drop abeat of K and he would lose access to it.
第二個方面，好的工作記憶是，當信息没有被積極關注或維護時，它就會衰退。所以這意味著，如果有人給你他們的電話號碼，你可以在你的腦海里重復一段時間，試圖讓它保持活躍。但是如果你被一個朋友或者一個響亮的聲音或者其他什麼東西分散了注意力，而你不再排練這些信息，它就會掉一個K的節拍，他就無法獲得它。

I asked Miriamwhat parts of the brain are at play when we're actively using our workingmemory. And she brought back the idea of brain networks. You might rememberthat from the last episode. Yeah. The consensus it's multiple different brainregions and it might vary a little bit, depending on. The information thatyou're trying to remember.
我問米里亞姆，當我們積極使用工作記憶時，大腦的哪些部分在起作用。她又提出了大腦網絡的概念。你可能還記得上一集的內容。是啊。普遍認為這是多個不同的大腦區域，可能會有所不同，具體取決於。你想記住的信息。

So for example,if you're trying to all it on to some numbers or letters that might recruitpart of the different brain areas, and if you're trying to remember colors orimages, and the idea is that you would recruit the same brain areas that youuse to actually perceive that information. So some parts of the brain areimportant for perceiving color, slightly different parts or.
舉個例子，如果你試著用一些數字或字母，這些數字或字母可能會招募到不同大腦區域的一部分，如果你試圖記住顏色或圖像，那麼你會招募到與你實際感知信息相同的大腦區域。所以大腦的某些部位對感知顏色很重要，有些部位稍有不同。

Pointed forproceeding objects and slightly different parts are important for reading, forexample. So the idea is that the same brain regions that you use to perceive theinformation are also recruited when you're trying to maintain that informationin your mind over some kind of delay. Okay. And that is also supported byregions and prefrontal cortex that are playing an active kind of control roleand trying to help you maintain or manipulate that information.
例如，用於處理對象和稍有不同的部分對閱讀很重要。所以我們的想法是，當你試圖通過某種延遲的方式將信息保留在大腦中時，你用來感知信息的大腦區域也會被吸收。可以。這也得到了區域和前額葉皮層的支持，這些區域和前額葉皮層起著積極的控制作用，並試圖幫助你維持或操縱這些信息。

So interactionsbetween prefrontal cortex, regions and more posterior regions involved inperception, I thought to be important. And the exact network that you recruitmight vary a little bit, depending on the kind of information that you'retrying to maintain. My first instinct when I was learning about a short-termmemory and working memory, was that like, when you have this information, it'slike living in a part of your brain or it's being held in a particular part ofyour brain until you then have to.
所以我認為前額葉皮層，區域和更多的后部區域之間的相互作用是很重要的。你招募的具體網絡可能會有一點不同，這取決於你試圖維護的信息類型。當我學習短期記憶和工作記憶時，我的第一個直覺是，當你有了這些信息時，它就像生活在你大腦的某個部分，或者它被保存在你大腦的某個特定部分，直到你不得不這樣做。

Put it on paperor whatever you're doing. It sounds like it's a lot more complicated than that,that there are actually several different parts of interacting together. Yeah,I think that's true. The Q brain is still trying to hold on to that informationin some way or the other, but the way it tries to hold onto, it depends on adistributed network of brain regions.
把它寫在紙上或者任何你正在做的事情上。聽起來要復雜得多，實際上有幾個不同的部分相互作用在一起。是的，我想是真的。Q大腦仍在試圖以某種方式保存這些信息，但它試圖保持的方式依賴於大腦區域的分布式網絡。

And there'sstill a lot of active debate about exactly how your brain holds on to thatinformation. So is it maintaining it in an active way through like, Persistentactivity that maintains that information or is it doing it in a different waywhere it temporarily changes? Uh, some kind of representations to maintain thatinformation, even if it's not actively doing it.
關於你的大腦到底是如何保存這些信息的，仍然有很多活躍的爭論。那麼，它是通過類似的、持續的活動以活躍的方式維護信息，還是以一種不同的方式臨時改變信息？呃，某種形式的陳述來維護這些信息，即使它不是主動的。

So now we knowwhat parts of the brain are at play. When I'm say trying to remember a phonenumber before I write it down. But one thing I know for sure is. I'm not asgood at this as Nelson delis. So I asked Mariam about why some people may seemto more effectively hold it's temporary information like this in their brain.
所以現在我們知道大腦的哪些部分在起作用。當我說在寫下電話號碼之前要記住它。但有一件事我可以肯定。我比不上尼爾森·德利斯。所以我問馬里亞姆為什麼有些人會更有效地將這種暫時的信息保存在大腦中。

They'redefinitely as a small bit of variability in terms of the total number of itemsthat one person can hold. And our mind is so in lab studies is common to try toestimate people's working memory capacity, which is how many items they cantypically hold in mind and it can vary across people. So some people have aslightly larger working memory capacity than others.
就一個人可以持有的物品總數而言，它們絕對是一個小小的變化。我們的大腦也是如此，在實驗室研究中，人們經常試圖估計人們的工作記憶容量，也就是他們通常能記住多少個項目，而且每個人的工作記憶容量也會有所不同。所以有些人的工作記憶容量比其他人稍大一些。

But in additionto that, you can change how much information you hold in mind by changing theway that you think about that information. And we call that chunking. Imentioned that you could hold say three to five items in your working memory,but what constitutes an item can change depending on how you approach thatinformation.
但除此之外，你還可以通過改變你對這些信息的思考方式來改變你心中的信息量。我們稱之為分塊。我提到過，你可以在你的工作記憶中保留三到五個項目，但是一個項目的構成可能會根據你處理這些信息的方式而改變。

One classicexample that we typically given in the classroom setting is if somebody asksyou to remember letters like F B I C I a, that seems like it's six letters oritems, but you probably noticed that I just said FBI and CIA. Which areactually two things rather than six things. So if you chunk the informationinto meaningful units, that you can functionally increase the amount ofinformation that you hold in your work, you can use this chunking technique inso many different ways and you most likely already use it a little bit too.
我們通常在課堂上舉的一個典型例子是，如果有人讓你記住F B I C I a這樣的字母，看起來好像是6個字母或項目，但你可能注意到我剛才說的是FBI和CIA。實際上是兩件事而不是六件事。因此，如果你把信息分成有意義的單元，這樣你就可以在功能上增加你在工作中掌握的信息量，你可以用很多不同的方式來使用這種分塊技術，而且你很可能已經用了一點了。

Most peopleremember phone numbers by chunking the first three digits. And then the lastfour digits you'd be shocked how far this can actually go. So with practice,you can get better at finding what those chunks are, or you can get better atfinding like repeating patterns. So for example, there's some classic studiesof chess players showing that you can show them a chess board for a very shortperiod of time, and they are then able to reproduce the exact layout of thatchess board.
大多數人記住電話號碼都是通過拚湊前三位數來實現的。最后四個數字你會驚訝於這到底能走多遠。因此，通過練習，你可以更好地發現那些塊是什麼，或者你可以更好地找到重復的模式。舉個例子，有一些關於國際象棋運動員的經典研究表明，你可以在很短的時間內給他們看一個棋盤，然后他們就能復制出棋盤的精確布局。

And that's a lotof information that's being shown on that chess board at any given moment. Andthe idea is that they can recognize patterns that are likely to occur acrossvarious different games, right? So they can organize their memory based ontheir prior knowledge and use that to functionally increase how muchinformation they can remember.
在任何特定的時刻，棋盤上都會顯示很多信息。他們的想法是他們可以識别出不同遊戲中可能出現的模式，對吧？因此，他們可以根據他們先前的知識來組織自己的記憶，並利用這些知識在功能上增加他們能記住的信息量。

So if you givethem a chess board where the layout doesn't actually conform to anything thatcould happen in a game, then they're no better than people who are not justexperts. So I think finding the organization and being able to chunk informationcan help you, uh, functionally increase your working memory capacity.
所以，如果你給他們一個棋盤，在這個棋盤的布局實際上並不符合遊戲中可能發生的任何事情，那麼他們並不比那些不僅僅是專家的人好。所以我認為找到組織並能夠將信息分塊可以幫助你，呃，在功能上增加你的工作記憶容量。

As far as weknow, there's no actual way to increase your capacity. So I keep sayingfunctionally, because. It's about trying to use the capacity that you have moreefficiently, as far as we know, you can't actually increase your working memorycapacity, but you can more efficiently use the capacity that you have.
據我們所知，没有辦法提高你的能力。所以我一直在說功能上，因為。它是關於如何更有效地利用你的容量，據我們所知，你實際上不能增加你的工作記憶容量，但你可以更有效地利用你所擁有的容量。

So what have welearned so far? Well, what a lot of people call short-term memory is alsoreferred to as working memory. Your capacity for working memory is actuallypretty small. Only about five items, different networks of brain regions in theprefrontal cortex may be at play when you're actively using your workingmemory.
到目前為止我們學到了什麼？很多人所說的短期記憶也被稱為工作記憶。你的工作記憶容量其實很小。當你積極地使用你的工作記憶時，前額葉皮層中不同的大腦區域網絡可能會起作用。

It depends onexactly what type of sensory information you're trying to remember at thatmoment. You can make your limited working memory capacity go further by usingit more efficiently, through chunking bits of information together. Speaking ofmore efficiently using the capacity of your working memory?
這取決於你想記住什麼樣的感覺信息。你可以更有效地利用你有限的工作記憶容量，通過把一些信息分塊在一起，使它發揮更大的作用。說到更有效地利用你的工作記憶容量？

Yeah. JordanMcEnroe, Dallas. You may not have heard of that last guy, but Nelson Dellislike Jordan and McEnroe is at the top of his game as a memory athlete. Let'sget back to the memory athletes. Miriam said, chunking can help, but memorizinga deck of cards is still 52 separate items. How can you possibly chunk thatinformation together or make it any easier to remember?
是 啊。喬丹·麥肯羅，達拉斯。你可能没聽說過最后一個家夥，但尼爾森·德利斯像喬丹和麥肯羅一樣，作為一名記憶運動員，他在比賽中處於巔峰。讓我們回到回憶運動員。米里亞姆說，分塊可以幫助，但記住一副牌仍然是52個獨立的項目。你怎麼可能把這些信息拚湊在一起或者讓它更容易記憶？

Are these peoplejust superhuman around 2009 was when I got interested or even discovered thatthese championships existed? Not many people even know still that they exist,but I didn't. And I learned about them because. I was really interested inmemory due to the fact that my grandmother had Alzheimer's and she had recentlyjust passed away from it.
這些人是超人嗎？2009年左右，當我開始感興趣，甚至發現這些錦標賽存在的時候？没有多少人知道他們仍然存在，但我没有。我了解他們是因為。我對記憶很感興趣，因為我祖母得了老年癡呆症，而且她最近剛剛去世。

And I was justkind of frantically looking for things I could do to help improve my memory forthe longterm and low behold, I discovered this competition and said, okay, Hey,I'm going to train to see if I can do really well or maybe even win this thing,but actually. That's Nelson Dellis again, talking about what inspired him tostart training his memory.
我只是有點瘋狂地尋找我可以做的事情來幫助改善我的長期記憶，我發現了這個比賽，然后說，好吧，嘿，我要訓練，看看我是否能做得很好，甚至可能贏得這件事，但事實上。這又是納爾遜·德利斯，他談到是什麼激勵他開始訓練他的記憶力。

It seems like hestarted from exactly where any of us might start. The record for memorizing. Adeck of cards is actually now at a mere 13.96 seconds. And falling memoryathletes are constantly practicing and honing their technique. As thecompetitions grow in popularity. Still the fact that Nelson memorized the deckand 40 seconds is more than impressive.
他好像是從我們每個人可能開始的地方開始的。記憶的記錄。一副牌現在只需要13.96秒。而記憶力下降的運動員也在不斷地練習和磨練他們的技術。隨著比賽越來越受歡迎。不過，尼爾森記住了甲板和40秒這一事實還是讓人印象深刻。

What's hissecret and how can we learn it? Does this actually have anything to do withworking memory? What I do and what memory athletes will do, uh, in general withanything is to try to turn each of those cards into something. That is a lotmore meaningful than a symbol and a value and what a lot of people will do.
他的秘密是什麼？我們怎麼知道？這真的和工作記憶有關嗎？我所做的，以及記憶運動員在任何事情上都會做的事情，就是試著把每一張卡片變成某種東西。這比一個符號、一個價值以及很多人會做的事情更有意義。

And this is whatI do is I use a technique called a person action object technique, where eachcar to me, I've decided this beforehand, I've learned it. Each card is aperson, also an action and an object, and they're all related. So like ACE ofspades, the person is Arnold Schwartzenegger and the action associated withthat card is also related to Arnold.
這就是我所做的，我使用了一種叫做人-動作-物體技術的技術，每輛車對我來說，我都是事先決定好的，我已經學會了。每張卡片都是一個人，也是一個動作和一個物體，它們都是相關聯的。所以就像黑桃王牌一樣，這個人是阿諾德·施瓦辛格，與這張牌相關的動作也與阿諾德有關。

Which is liftingweights. And then the object object is also related it's, uh, a barbell. Andthe idea is that I see three cards together and I construct this little, almostlike the game of clue the person doing this with this object. So if I have ACEof spades as the first card, Since it's person action object.
那就是舉重。然后物體也有關聯，是，呃，杠鈴。我的想法是，我看到三張牌在一起，我構造了一個小的，幾乎就像一個提示遊戲，一個人用這個物體做這個。所以如果我有黑桃王牌作為第一張牌，因為它是人的動作對象。

The first cardof a triplet is always the person. So I think of Arnold then let's say thesecond card is ACE of diamonds. That's me, but my action is solving somethinglike a Rubik's cube. And then the third card, let's say it's of clubs, but it'sthe object, which is a tiger woods. So his object is a golf club.
三胞胎的第一張牌總是人。所以我想到了阿諾德，讓我們假設第二張牌是鑽石王牌。那是我，但我的行動是解決像魔方一樣的問題。第三張牌，我們假設它是梅花，但它的對象是老虎伍茲。所以他的目標是一個高爾夫俱樂部。

So do thosethree cards. Together, make this funny little image that is Arnold.Schwartzenegger solving a golf club. That's kind of strange to even think of,but I make consecutive images like that with every three cards. And by the endof the deck, I have 17 little scenes plus a car leftover that mirror.
那三張牌也一樣。一起，做一個有趣的小形象，那就是阿諾德。施瓦辛格解決一個高爾夫俱樂部。這一點想起來都有點奇怪，但我每三張牌都會做這樣的連續圖像。在甲板的儘頭，我有17個小場景，還有一面鏡子邊上的一輛車。

What this deckis in order. Okay, so Nelson isn't thinking of cards anymore. He's thinking of people,actions, scenes. Remember the chess board experiment that Merriam talked abouttrying to memorize the location of each chess piece individually is likeremembering each card individually, pretty difficult, but in the chess boardexperiment, the chess master has context that allows them to chunk a largenumber of things together.
這副牌是什麼樣的。好吧，所以尼爾森不再想打牌了。他在想人，動作，場景。還記得梅里亞姆談到的棋盤實驗，試圖分别記住每一個棋子的位置，就像是分别記住每一張牌，相當困難，但在棋盤實驗中，棋手有允許他們把大量東西拚湊在一起的上下文。

When Nelsonassociates cards with celebrities, he's making that chunking easier. I don'tknow about you, but it's definitely a lot easier and more fun for me to thinkabout Arnold. Schwartzenegger puzzling over a golf club than it is to thinkabout three random playing cards.
當尼爾森把卡片和名人聯系在一起時，他會讓分塊變得更容易。我不知道你怎麼想，但想想阿諾德，對我來說肯定容易得多，也更有趣。施瓦辛格困惑於一個高爾夫俱樂部，它比想象中的三張隨機撲克牌。

How can we trythis at home?
我們怎麼能在家里試試呢？

It's definitelydaunting to look at a deck of 52 cards and imagine memorizing. Where do webegin? Well, first we have to come up with which card is which associations youdraw yourself. Will always be the strongest, but what method does Nelson use?There's different systems to do this, but basically using the number on thecard in the suit, you can kind of develop some kind of way of translating itinto a word or a name.
看著一副52張卡片，想象一下記憶是多麼令人畏懼。我們從哪里開始？我們先給你自己畫一張牌。永遠是最強的，但納爾遜用什麼方法？有不同的系統可以做到這一點，但基本上是使用西服卡片上的數字，你可以開發出某種方法把它翻譯成一個單詞或一個名字。

Um, let's takeACE of spades, for example, that one's pretty straightforward because ACE isan, a starts with an a and spades and S so a lot of these, I just try to findinitials. That match that. So a S is Arnold Schwartzenegger, you know, afterpractice, this is something that's almost something I don't even think about.
以黑桃王牌為例，這個很簡單，因為a是a，a開頭是a，黑桃和s，很多，我只是試著找出首字母。那個和那個相符。所以a S就是阿諾德·施瓦辛格，你知道，在練習之后，這幾乎是我根本没想過的事情。

When I see ACEof spades. It's Arnold. Schwartzenegger like, I'm looking at a photo of him. Iasked Nelson to walk me through what day one of training this method would looklike. He suggested starting with the face cards, King queen and Jack of everysuit. Come up with a person to represent each one. And you can do thatintuitively like, you know, maybe King of hearts, you know, you think ofhearts, you think of your family.
當我看到黑桃王牌。是阿諾德。我在看他的照片。我讓納爾遜給我介紹一下這種方法的第一天的訓練情況。他建議從每一套衣服的臉牌、王后和傑克開始。找一個人來代表每個人。你可以憑直覺像，你知道，也許是紅心之王，你知道，你想到了紅心，你想到了你的家人。

So King ofhearts might be your dad. Yeah. And then queen of hearts kind of similarlywould be your mother and then Jack of hearts could maybe be a sibling, or ifyou know someone close friend that has a name that starts with J that's an easychoice right there. Um, and then you can go to the diamonds and maybe think of.
所以紅心之王可能是你爸爸。是 啊。然后，紅桃皇后有點像你的媽媽，然后紅桃傑克可能是你的兄弟姐妹，或者如果你認識一個好友，名字以J開頭，這是一個很容易的選擇。嗯，然后你可以去鑽石店想想。

Okay. Diamondsreminds me of someone with a lot of money. So maybe celebrities or, you know,rich people could be the diamonds at anything King of diamonds. Who's therichest person, you know, who's a male maybe. Okay. Maybe bill Gates or JeffBezos or something. Um, and then queen of diamonds could be Oprah or somethinglike that.
可以。鑽石讓我想起一個有錢人。所以也許名人或者有錢人可以成為鑽石之王。誰是最富有的人，你知道，也許是個男人。可以。也許是比爾·蓋茨或者傑夫·貝佐斯什麼的。嗯，然后鑽石女王可能是奧普拉之類的。

So instead ofremembering 52 things, let's start by remembering 12. The face cards to make iteasier. We can limit Nelson's method to just associating each card with aperson rather than an object and an action as well. After you have come up witha person to associate with each of the 12 face cards, shuffle the cardstogether and flip over the top three.
所以，與其記住52件事，不如從記住12件開始。臉牌讓它更容易。我們可以將Nelson的方法限制為只將每張卡片與一個人而不是一個對象和一個動作聯系起來。當你想出一個人來與12張臉牌中的每一張相關聯后，把這些牌洗在一起，翻到前三張。

Then weave astory together, using the people associated with those cards, how would Nelsondo this? Let's say, you know, you have King of hearts and then a King ofdiamonds queen of hearts, right? So King of hearts, King of diamonds, queenarts. So we picture. Whatever you have for gaining diamonds, let's say it's abill Gates.
然后用那些卡片上的人編一個故事，尼爾森會怎麼做？比如說，你知道，你有紅桃之王，然后又有了鑽石之王紅桃皇后，對吧？所以紅心之王，鑽石之王，藝術皇后。所以我們想象一下。不管你有什麼能得到鑽石的，就說是比爾·蓋茨。

So, okay. Ithink of my dad, he's maybe having a meeting with bill Gates, something thatwould never happen, you know, bizarre. I can imagine being a fly on the walland just watching these two guys chat, shake, hands, sign an agreement. I don'tknow something that would bring my dad a lot of money or something like that.
所以，好吧。我想起了我爸爸，他可能正在和比爾·蓋茨會面，這是永遠不會發生的，你知道，很奇怪。我可以想象自己是牆上的一只蒼蠅，看著這兩個人聊天、握手、握手、簽署協議。我不知道什麼能給我爸爸帶來很多錢之類的東西。

So that's oneconnection I've made for two cards. Right? And then what's the next car? Well,we have queen of hearts, right? Which is my mother. So maybe, and, and you wantto make this a continuous story. So let's say it starts with your dad. And billGates comes in for a meeting. They sit down, they come to agreement and then mymom walks in and she's got tea and crumpets.
這是我為兩張牌做的一個連接。對嗎？下一輛車是什麼？我們有紅桃皇后，對吧？那是我媽媽。所以，也許，而且，你想讓這成為一個連續的故事。所以我們假設從你爸爸開始。比爾·蓋茨來開會。他們坐下來，達成協議，然后我媽媽走了進來，她拿了茶和餅干。

And maybe, youknow, we want to make this out of the norm. So maybe she. Dumps it all overbill Gates by accident, you know, and now he's sopping wet in my dad's office.Right. Um, and then you can kind of continue this process and it's very easy togo back and say like, Oh yeah, I have my dad, bill Gates, my mom in that order,you know, that's all, you really need to recall the deck because if you knowyour images well enough, you can always translate it back.
也許，你知道，我們想讓這成為一種常態。所以也許她。不小心把它扔到比爾·蓋茨身上，你知道，現在他在我爸爸的辦公室里濕透了。正確的。嗯，然后你可以繼續這個過程，很容易回到過去說，哦，是的，我有我爸爸，比爾·蓋茨，我媽媽，你知道，僅此而已，你真的需要回憶一下甲板，因為如果你足夠了解你的圖像，你可以隨時把它翻譯回來。

Let's recap whatwe learned. Start by taking the 12 face cards and associating each of them witha person. The diamond suit might be rich people. The hearts might become friendsand family, or maybe you can match the initials of each card to a celebrity.ACE of spades or AAS could become Arnold Schwartzenegger.
讓我們重溫一下我們學到的東西。從拿12張臉卡開始，並將它們與一個人聯系起來。鑽石套裝可能是有錢人。這些心可能成為朋友和家人，或者你可以將每張卡片的首字母與名人匹配。黑桃或AA制的王牌可能會變成阿諾德·施瓦辛格。

For example,then shuffle the face cards together and begin by flipping the first threeover, come up with a scene that involves each of the associated people arrivingin order, the more detailed the image, the better, what does it sound like?Smell like if you go through the face cards in chunks of three that's only fourscenes, you have to remember.
例如，然后把這些臉牌混在一起，從翻動前三張開始，想出一個場景，讓每個相關人員依次到達，圖像越詳細越好，聽起來像什麼？聞起來，如果你把臉卡分成三塊，那就只有四個場景，你必須記住。

When you haveall the suits of the face cards down, you can start slowly introducing morecards, a few at a time. Again, it would work best. If you came up with your ownassociation for every card, since that will be more meaningful to you, it canbe anyone from your life or celebrities that, you know, But for example, two ofhearts could be Tom Hanks because of the initials T H or it could be a youngerrelative since two, as a small number and the heart suit can be friends andfamily add cards like this bit by bit from the rest of the deck.
當你把所有的臉牌都放下后，你就可以慢慢地開始介紹更多的牌了，一次幾張。再說一次，這樣做效果最好。如果你對每張卡片都有自己的聯想，因為這對你來說更有意義，你知道的，可以是你生活中的任何人或名人，但舉個例子，兩顆紅心可以是湯姆·漢克斯，因為首字母T H，也可以是2歲以后的一個年輕親戚，作為一小部分，心形套裝可以是朋友和家人從牌堆的其他部分一點一點地添加這樣的卡片。

And you'll soonbe able to memorize an entire deck of cards. Nelson told me he practicesmemorizing decks of cards for at least 15 minutes every day. The key to speed.Is having your associations become second nature. Wait, we're kind of gettingaway from ourselves here. If we go back to what Miriam actually taught us aboutworking memory, something still seems off.
你很快就能記住一整副牌了。尼爾森告訴我，他每天至少練習背誦一副紙牌15分鐘。速度的關鍵。讓你的交往成為第二天性。等等，我們有點遠離我們自己了。如果我們回到米麗亞姆教給我們的工作記憶的東西上，仍然有些東西不對勁。

Mariam saidworking memory holds about five items. It takes place over a very short periodof time and any distraction will cause it to disappear. Even with chunking,even with Nelson's memory tricks, memorizing interactions between 17celebrities seems to be more than working memory can hold, do Nelson.
馬里亞姆說，工作記憶中大約有五個項目。它發生在很短的時間內，任何分心都會導致它消失。即使使用分塊，即使有納爾遜的記憶技巧，記住17位名人之間的互動似乎比工作記憶所能容納的還要多。

And these othermemory athletes have abnormally large working memory capacity. Well, no. Nelsonis using a method called elaborative and coding, which is a fancy way of sayinghe's using association in a special way to remember normally unrelated items,remember association from the last episode. Yeah, this isn't the last timeit'll come up.
而這些其他的記憶運動員有異常大的工作記憶容量。嗯，不，納爾遜用的是一種叫做精雕細琢和編碼的方法，這是一種奇特的說法，他用一種特殊的方式來記憶通常不相關的東西，記得上一集的聯想。是啊，這不是最后一次了。

By consciouslyconstructing and remembering scenes Nelson is actually bringing working memorymostly out of the equation. He's entering the domain of a different and morepowerful kind of memory episodic memory. So one key to quickly remembering morethings more accurately is to use tricks like this that make you rely less onyour very limited working memory in my quest to learn how Nelson delis trainedhis working memory.
通過有意識地構建和記憶場景，納爾遜實際上是在把工作記憶從等式中剝離出來。他正在進入另一種更強大的記憶-情節記憶。所以，快速更準確地記住更多事情的一個關鍵是使用像這樣的技巧，讓你在我的探索中減少對你有限的工作記憶的依賴，來學習納爾遜·德里斯是如何訓練他的工作記憶的。

So well, Iultimately realized that's not how he does it. Episodic memory is the real herohere. Next episode, we'll try a different memory trick that uses elaborativeand coding, and we'll learn what episodic memory is and how it works. Talk toyou then.
所以，我最終意識到他不是這樣做的。情節記憶才是真正的英雄。下一集，我們將嘗試一個不同的記憶技巧，使用精心設計和編碼，我們將了解什麼是情景記憶以及它是如何工作的。那就跟你談談。