4.Semantic memory
4.語義記憶

I think it'slike really, really fascinating this idea of how we take new information inevery single day. And you know, how the brain figures out basically how it'srelated. To everything, like all of our general knowledge and everything thatwe already know about the world and kind of is able to like constantly buildson these knowledge structures in our brain to help us understand how the worldworks and navigate the world and, and, you know,
我覺得這真的很吸引人關於我們如何在每一天獲取新信息的想法。你知道，大腦基本上是如何理解它們之間的聯系的。對於一切事物，比如我們所有的常識，以及我們已經知道的關於這個世界的一切，以及我們能夠喜歡的東西，不斷地建立在我們大腦中的這些知識結構上，幫助我們理解世界是如何運作的，並且，你知道，

learn this it's,it's just like the foundation of everything that we do, you know, it's ourlanguage.
了解這一點，它就像我們所做的一切的基礎，你知道，這是我們的語言。

It's our.Ability to make predictions and decisions. And I think that's just incrediblethat the brain does that. So seamlessly.
是我們的。做出預測和決定的能力。我認為大腦能做到這一點真是不可思議。天衣無縫。

Hi, I'm edAllard. And this is memory booster. You'll hear from memory experts at leadinguniversities, from Harvard to Columbia and many more. I'll talk to them aboutdifferent kinds of memory, along with some other fascinating topics. I'mcurious about at the end of every episode, we'll review a trick technique orexercise you can use to make your memory work for you.
嗨，我是埃德·阿拉德。這是記憶助推器。從哈佛大學到哥倫比亞大學，甚至更多的大學，你都會聽到記憶專家的演講。我會和他們談論不同類型的記憶，以及一些其他有趣的話題。我很好奇在每一集的結尾，我們將回顧一個技巧或練習，你可以用來讓你的記憶為你工作。

Rememberingthings takes effort. I mean, if it didn't everyone would ACE every historytest, nobody would need memory tricks. Like the pegword method we used at theend of the last year. But in the course of my research on memory, I learnedthat sometimes memory does feel effortless. It's just a different kind of memory.
記住事情需要努力。我的意思是，如果不是每個人都能在每一次歷史測試中都取得好成績，就没有人需要記憶技巧了。就像去年年底我們用的pegword方法。但是在我對記憶的研究過程中，我了解到有時候記憶確實感覺不費吹灰之力。只是一種不同的記憶。

At the top ofthe episode, you heard today's expert guests talking about the form of memorythat builds the foundation of knowledge we use to navigate the world. That'scalled semantic memory. When I first heard about semantic memory, I instantlywanted to find a way to harness it for my benefit. Is there a way to improve mysemantic memory and make it take in more information?
在這一集的最上面，你聽到今天的專家們談論的是記憶的形式，它是我們用來導航世界的基礎知識。這就是所謂的語義記憶。當我第一次聽說語義記憶時，我馬上就想找到一種方法來利用它為我的利益服務。有没有辦法改善我的語義記憶，讓它吸收更多的信息？

Can I somehowforce information to travel to that effortless part of my brain? I had so manyquestions and high hopes that I would soon unlock the secret of flawlessmemory. So I reached out to an expert to find out more. I am dr. ElizabethMcDevitt. I am a post-doctoral researcher at Princeton university and part ofthe Princeton neuroscience Institute.
我能不能強迫信息在我大腦中不費吹灰之力的部分傳遞？我有太多的問題和很高的期望，我會很快解開完美記憶的秘密。所以我聯系了一位專家來了解更多。我是伊麗莎白·麥克德維特醫生。我是普林斯頓大學的博士后研究員，也是普林斯頓神經科學研究所的一員。

My researchfocuses on how memories, um, and new information that we learn during the day,while we're awake. Um, how that information is processed during sleep, tosupport, um, our long-term memories. So basically dr. McDevitt has people domemory tasks. She then has them take an app with electrodes on their scalp toread brain activity afterwards.
我的研究集中在我們清醒的時候，記憶，嗯，以及我們白天學習的新信息。嗯，這些信息在睡眠中是如何處理的，來支持，嗯，我們的長期記憶。所以基本上McDevitt博士讓人們做記憶任務。然后，她讓他們在頭皮上放上電極的應用程序，然后讀取大腦活動。

She reteststheir memories to see if sleep helps. So I just had to ask what is semanticmemory? Exactly. Semantic memory is basically our kind of, you know, generalknowledge about the world. So you can kind of think of it as also like you're,you know, kind of like conceptual knowledge. So it's actually a pretty broadterm.
她重新測試他們的記憶，看看睡眠是否有幫助。所以我要問什麼是語義記憶？確切地。語義記憶基本上是我們對這個世界的一般性的認識。所以你可以把它想象成，你知道，有點像概念知識。所以這實際上是一個相當寬泛的術語。

I think, I think itencompasses like a lot of different things, right? So it
我想，我認為它包含了很多不同的東西，對吧？所以呢

encompassed, youknow, for example, Language and how we learn to communicate and put, you know,words together to form coherent sentences. Um, that's a form of semanticmemory, but also like our ability to kind of like group and categorize objectsis another form of semantic memory.
例如，你知道，語言和我們如何學會交流，你知道，把單詞放在一起形成連貫的句子。嗯，這是語義記憶的一種形式，但也像我們對物體進行分組和分類的能力是另一種形式的語義記憶。

Right? So weknow that, you know, dogs and cats. Are, uh, both like four legged animals andhave tales, but there's also a lot of other things that distinguish them. Andwe're very good at recognizing, you know, dogs versus cats and how to kind of categorizethose too texts of animals. And then there's also, you know, generalinformation about.
對嗎？所以我們知道，你知道，狗和貓。它們，呃，都像四條腿的動物，都有故事，但它們之間還有很多其他的區别。我們很擅長識别，你知道的，狗和貓，以及如何對動物的文本進行分類。還有，你知道，關於。

Uh, knowledgeabout the world. So for example, like we know that like eggs and bacon andtoast are generally like breakfast foods versus, um, mashed potatoes and fishmaybe are more like dinner types of food or things like that. So there's like alot of statistics that we encounter in the world. Um, and the fact that, youknow, probably maybe over the course of your life, every time you've eaten,Eggs most of the time that's occurred earlier in the day versus later in theday.
呃，關於世界的知識。例如，我們知道像雞蛋、培根和吐司面包一般都是早餐食品，而土豆泥和魚可能更像晚餐之類的食物。所以世界上有很多統計數據。嗯，事實上，你知道，也許在你的一生中，每次你吃東西，雞蛋大部分時間發生在一天的早些時候而不是一天中的晚些時候。

So semanticmemory can apply to our general knowledge about the world, including thecategories we mentally place things into, but in some cases it can also applyto specific facts in that case. What exactly is the difference between episodicand semantic memory? An example? I like to kind of use also about thinkingabout the distinction between episodic and semantic memory, but also how they.
因此，語義記憶可以應用於我們對世界的一般知識，包括我們在精神上把事物歸入的類别，但在某些情況下，它也適用於特定的事實。情景記憶和語義記憶到底有什麼區别？一個例子？我也喜歡思考情節記憶和語義記憶的區别，還有它們是如何區分的。

Are very muchrelated is for example, like most of us in the United States know that GeorgeWashington is, was the first president of the United States and somebody, myage we've heard and encountered that fact so many times
比如說，我們大多數美國人都知道，喬治·華盛頓是美國第一任總統，我這個年紀的人，我們聽過很多次，也遇到過這樣的事實

that it's just part oflike my knowledge of the world, but I didn't always know
這只是我對這個世界的了解的一部分，但我並不總是知道

that.
那個。

And at somepoint in time, I did learn that as a fact. And somebody probably told me,George Washington was the first president of the United States. And if I hadonly ever been told that once and it never had and never encountered it again,chances are, I would have forgotten that information. And it wouldn't really bepart of my semantic memory now.
在某個時候，我確實學到了這一點。可能有人告訴我，喬治·華盛頓是美國第一任總統。如果我只被告知過一次，而它再也没有，也再也没有遇到過它，那麼我很可能會忘記這些信息。現在它也不是我語義記憶的一部分了。

Okay. So a factbecomes part of semantic memory. Once we forget the context in which we learnedit, and it becomes part of our general knowledge about the world, dr. McDevittsuggested that we think of it like this working memory operates on the shortesttimescale and episodic memory is on a longer timescale semantic memory.
可以。所以事實就成了語義記憶的一部分。一旦我們忘記了學習它的背景，它成為我們對世界的一般知識的一部分，McDevitt博士建議我們這樣想，工作記憶是在最短的時間尺度上運行的，而情節記憶是在較長的時間尺度上的語義記憶。

Isn't really onany particular timescale at all. I don't think of semantic memory asnecessarily like a timescale thing per se. But more about the number ofexperiences. You've had with something, right? So you, again, you're kind oftrying to like your semantic memory is trying to accumulate and maybe likeaverage over all of your experiences.
根本不在任何特定的時間尺度上。我不認為語義記憶本身就是一個時間尺度的東西。但更多的是體驗的數量。你受夠了，對吧？所以你，再一次，你有點像你的語義記憶，試圖積累，也許喜歡你所有經驗的平均值。

And so if you'veencountered something very, very regularly, then that information will probablybecome more. Form more of a semantic representation versus something that youmaybe only encounter like once a year. I mean, it's tempting for someone likeme to want to put everything in a neat little box and to imagine it.
因此，如果你經常遇到一些事情，那麼這些信息可能會變得更多。形成更多的語義表征，而不是一年只遇到一次的東西。我是說，像我這樣的人很想把所有的東西都放在一個整潔的小盒子里，然后想象一下。

Uh, memory as abox traveling from, you know, working memory along a
呃，記憶就像一個盒子，你知道，工作記憶沿著

conveyor belt.Now it's part of episodic memory along a conveyor belt. Mouthparts semanticmemory. It's not really like that. It seems like you're saying it's okay.Things are working differently. They have different functions and now they'rejust interacting with each other in different ways.
傳送帶。現在它是一個傳送帶上的情節記憶的一部分。口器語義記憶。其實不是那樣的。你好像在說没事。事情正在發生變化。它們有不同的功能，現在它們只是以不同的方式相互作用。

I guess I'm thinking moreof like three separate conveyor parts.
我想我想的應該是三個獨立的傳送帶部件。

So, you know,and they're all kind of like all three are like running alongside one another.Right. And they're all kind of helping and supporting one another in differentways. So for example, like. You have a new episodic experience or, you know,you're learning a new piece of information. If that new episodic information isrelated to something that's already in your semantic memory, it can become mucheasier to like learn that new.
所以，你知道，他們就像三個人並肩跑。正確的。他們以不同的方式互相幫助和支持。比如說，比如說。你有了一個新的經驗，或者，你知道，你正在學習一個新的信息。如果新的情節信息與你的語義記憶中已經存在的信息有關，那麼你會更容易喜歡學習新的信息。

Piece ofinformation because you already kind of have like, you know, like a frameworkto support it. And so, like, that's just one example of how, like, I see themas like, yeah, they're running alongside each other and they're doing their ownseparate things, but they're like very much supporting each other.
你已經有了一個像你這樣的信息支持。所以，就像，這只是一個例子，我認為他們就像，是的，他們彼此並肩作戰，各自做著各自獨立的事情，但他們卻非常支持彼此。

I also couldn't help,but wonder last week we learned that running through episodic memories againand again is what will help us remember them. But I
我也情不自禁，但我想知道，上週我們了解到，一次又一次地回顧情節記憶，有助於我們記住它們。但我

don't rememberthe last time I had to re remember the fact that George Washington was thefirst president. How do semantic memories like this stay in our brains, even ifwe don't review them, as often as we have to review other memories.
我不記得上一次我不得不重新想起喬治·華盛頓是第一任總統的事實了。像這樣的語義記憶是如何留在我們的大腦中的，即使我們不去回顧它們，就像我們經常回顧其他記憶一樣。

Well, if youthink about, so like when you first learned that phone number and like used itas a child, or like, you know, first learned about George Washington, thechances are, you did revisit that quite a bit and, you know, replay thatinformation. And like, even if, maybe like an elementary school, maybe you onlyreally thought about George Washington, like.
好吧，如果你想一想，就像你第一次知道那個電話號碼，小時候用過它，或者，你知道，第一次了解喬治·華盛頓的時候，你很有可能會重溫這個電話號碼，然后，你知道，重放這些信息。就像，即使，也許像一所小學，也許你真的只想到了喬治·華盛頓。

Once a year onlike president's day or something, I don't know. But, um, you know, that mighthave been enough revisiting that information to make it last. And you can kindof think about like some memories, uh, have like, um, Uh, forgetting curve,right? So we time to like, you know, we, we probably forget more informationthan we actually remember, but when you revisit something, you kind of likegive yourself a little boost and you're like, okay, I do remember
一年一次，比如總統節之類的，我不知道。但是，嗯，你知道的，重溫這些信息就足夠了。你可以想象一些記憶，呃，有，嗯，呃，遺忘曲線，對吧？所以我們有時間去喜歡，你知道，我們，我們，我們可能忘記了比我們實際記得的更多的信息，但是當你重溫某件事時，你喜歡給自己一點動力，然后你會說，好吧，我確實記得

that.
那個。

And you kind ofreset that like forgetting process. It's not like a total reset, but you canjust think of it that way. And so if you, like, let's say you're like about toforget this. Fact that George Washington was the first president of the UnitedStates. And then, you know, it's almost completely wiped out of your memory andthen you like revisit it and now it's kind of like reset and you, like, youknow, are constantly kind of like resetting that process every time you thinkabout George Washington.
你就好像是重新設定了遺忘過程。這不像是完全重置，但你可以這樣想。所以如果你，比如說，你想忘記這件事。喬治·華盛頓是美國第一任總統。然后，你知道，它幾乎完全從你的記憶中消失了，然后你喜歡重溫它，現在它有點像重置，你知道，你知道，每次你想到喬治華盛頓，都會不斷地重新設置這個過程。

And if you dothat enough, like eventually it's enough to like make that a pretty stablememory. That's really awesome, actually. So all the little ways that we revisitthings just kind of helped to keep it fresh. Okay. So we actually arerevisiting things to cement them in our brain, just in small, barely noticeableways.
如果你做得夠多的話，最終會讓它成為一個非常穩定的記憶。真是太棒了。所以我們重新審視事物的所有小方法都有助於保持新鮮感。可以。所以我們實際上是在重溫一些東西，把它們固定在我們的大腦里，只是用一些很小的，幾乎不明顯的方式。

We also review alot of these facts over and over again when we're first learning them, whichincreases their longevity, but what exactly causes something to become part ofour semantic memory? Well, when it comes to finding the shared features betweenthings and learning to categorize them, our brain is constantly taking in data.
當我們第一次學習這些事實的時候，我們也會一遍又一遍地回顧這些事實，這會增加它們的壽命，但究竟是什麼原因使某些東西成為我們語義記憶的一部分呢？好吧，當我們找到事物之間的共同特征並學習對它們進行分類時，我們的大腦會不斷地接收數據。

Whenever weencounter similar objects or events, And we can take all of the other stuffthat differentiates those experiences, all of the unique features, and we cankind of strip that away and we'll hold onto the shared features and strip awayunique features that abstraction of the shared features is like how we formthese like general representations of how different types of events work in theworld.
每當我們遇到相似的物體或事件時，我們可以采取其他所有區别這些經歷的東西，所有獨特的特征，我們可以把它去掉，我們會保留共享特性，去掉一些獨特的特性，共享特性的抽象化就像我們如何形成這些類似於世界上不同類型事件如何工作的一般表示。

But again,there's kind of like this tension, right? You want to be able to do that.That's like a good thing. That's how we. Learn about how things work and we'reable to make predictions about what we'll encounter. And, you know, when weenter a new experience that shares features with our old experiences, but thenif you want to like, actually remember the details of a specific experience, thenyou have to kind of tap into a different memory system to do that.
不過，這里有點緊張，對吧？你希望能做到這一點。這是件好事。我們就是這樣。了解事情是如何運作的，我們就能夠預測我們將遇到什麼。而且，你知道，當我們進入一個新的體驗，它與我們以前的體驗有著相同的特點，但是如果你想喜歡的話，實際上要記住一個特定體驗的細節，那麼你就必須進入一個不同的記憶系統來做到這一點。

And so again,this is like the episodic and the semantic, like working together. I'm stillfascinated by the idea that the brain can do all of this pretty effortlessly.Wouldn't it be beneficial if we could somehow make information, travel tosemantic memory more quickly. So schema is like another word that we use tokind of talk about these general knowledge structures.
同樣，這就像情節和語義，就像一起工作。我仍然對大腦可以毫不費力地完成這一切的想法著迷。如果我們能以某種方式制造信息，更快地進入語義記憶，那豈不是有好處。所以，圖式就像是我們用來討論這些一般知識結構的另一個詞。

So when you havea preexisting schema and you have a new experience that fits really well inthat schema, you know, you can kind of remember and integrate that newexperience really well and pretty quickly. But if you were to encountersomething that perhaps is related to like your preexisting schema,
當你很快就有了一個新的模式，你就可以很快地記住一個新的模式。但是如果你遇到了一些可能與你先前存在的模式有關的東西，

Has like somefundamentally different features to it.
有一些根本不同的特點。

And it's kind ofmaybe like an exception. So we can think about birds. Most birds fly, they havewings and, and we know that they fly. But if you were to like encounter apenguin, for example, a penguin is a bur and you learned that it's a bird, butit doesn't fly. You wouldn't want to like, be like, okay, this is now a newexample of a bird and it doesn't fly.
這可能是個例外。所以我們可以考慮鳥類。大多數鳥會飛，它們有翅膀，而且我們知道它們會飛。但如果你喜歡遇到企鵝，比如說，企鵝是一只伯爾，你知道它是一只鳥，但它不會飛。你不會想喜歡，就像，好吧，這是一只鳥的新例子，它不會飛。

Everything Ipreviously learned about birds must be wrong and I'm going to overwrite that.And now birds don't fly, right. That it's not useful. So penguins are like anexception to our bird flying rule. And, um, we want to be able to like figureout how to fit penguins in with our like understanding of birds with like outour overriding, everything we already know about birds.
我以前學過的關於鳥類的一切都是錯誤的，我要重寫它。現在不要飛了。它没有用。所以企鵝就像是我們鳥類飛行規則的一個例外。而且，嗯，我們想知道如何讓企鵝適應我們對鳥類的相似理解，以及我們對鳥類已經了解的一切。

Um, so that. Islike one reason it might be beneficial for this to like happen a little bitmore slowly and you know, you would want to continue encountering other birdsthat do fly. If I, if you'd never encountered another bird that flew again. Andyou only saw penguins for the rest of your life, then yeah.
嗯，所以。這可能是一個原因，這可能是有益的事情發生得慢一點，你知道，你會想繼續遇到其他鳥類，確實會飛。如果我，如果你再也没有遇到過另一只飛鳥。你這輩子只見過企鵝，是的。

Maybe you woulddecide that or not fly anymore. Okay. Okay. So maybe it wouldn't necessarily behelpful to force memories to become semantic more quickly. This stuff can takea long time to transfer over to semantic memory. And it all happensunconsciously that's by design. Our brain needs time to build an understandingof commonalities between things or in the case of
也許你會決定還是不再飛。可以。可以。所以，也許強迫記憶更快地成為語義並不一定有幫助。這些東西需要很長時間才能轉移到語義記憶中。這一切都是在不知不覺中發生的，那是出於設計。我們的大腦需要時間來建立對事物之間共性的理解

specific facts.
具體事實。

It needs time torevisit the same general knowledge again, and again, to decide what's actuallyrelevant. We wouldn't want to absorb something irrelevant or untrue. Semanticmemories are used to build up our perception of the world, and that would makeus wind up with a false perception. So, what have we learned so far?
它需要時間來重溫同樣的常識，一次又一次，來決定什麼是真正相關的。我們不想吸收不相關或不真實的東西。語義記憶被用來建立我們對世界的認知，這會使我們最終產生錯誤的認知。那麼，到目前為止我們學到了什麼？

Semantic memories cangenerally be described as our general knowledge
語義記憶一般可以描述為我們的常識

about the world.Usually it's pretty effortless to recall. It's the things we just know. It's ageneral term that refers to a lot of different types of memory, even includingour knowledge of language. But there were a couple of broad categories ofsemantic memory type that we covered today.
關於世界。通常回憶起來很容易。這是我們所知道的。它是一個泛指很多不同類型記憶的總稱，甚至包括我們的語言知識。但是我們今天討論的語義記憶類型有兩大類。

First, there aregeneral facts about the world. Like the fact George Washington was the firstpresident of the United States. When we take it a fact and lose our memory ofthe context in which we learned it. That's probably semantic memory at work.Second, there are general knowledge structures, also called schema.
首先，有關於世界的一般事實。就像喬治·華盛頓是美國第一任總統一樣。當我們把它當作一個事實，並且失去了對我們學習它的背景的記憶。這可能是語義記憶在起作用。第二，有一般的知識結構，也稱為模式。

Our brain isconstantly taking in information about the similarities and differences.Between objects events, and more because of this, we've built up schema aboutall sorts of things. We have bird schema that tell us most birds can fly. Wehave birthday party schema that tell us to expect presence, cake, and balloonsat birthday parties.
我們的大腦不斷地吸收關於相似性和差異性的信息。在對象和事件之間，以及更多的原因，我們建立了關於各種事情的模式。我們有鳥的模式告訴我們大多數鳥會飛。我們有一個生日聚會的計劃，告訴我們在生日聚會上期待出席、蛋糕和氣球。

Even thoughthere are lots of differences between various birds and birthday parties. Ourbrain manages to find the similarities between them. When we make predictionsbased on this kind of prior knowledge, that's our schema at work. A concept maybecome part of semantic memory after it's been revisited in our experience manytimes, because this information builds our fundamental understanding of theworld.
儘管各種各樣的鳥和生日聚會有很多不同。我們的大腦設法找到它們之間的相似之處。當我們根據這種先驗知識做出預測時，這就是我們的工作模式。一個概念在我們的經驗中被多次重溫后，可能會成為語義記憶的一部分，因為這些信息建立了我們對世界的基本理解。

It wouldn'treally benefit us to make this happen more quickly, even if we could, althoughit does feel great to remember things effortlessly. Like all types of memory, alot of different parts of the brain may be involved when we're trying to useour semantic memory, the kind of information where we're calling language,visual information, auditory information, and more changes the part of thebrain responsible.
即使我們可以，讓這件事發生得更快也不會給我們帶來真正的好處，儘管不費吹灰之力記住事情確實讓人感覺很好。像所有類型的記憶一樣，當我們試圖使用我們的語義記憶時，大腦的許多不同部分可能會參與其中，我們稱之為語言、視覺信息、聽覺信息等的信息會改變大腦負責的部分。

But in general,semantic memory is our thoughts to live in the large part of the brain known asthe cerebral cortex. So to my disappointment, there's no way to magicallyharness your semantic memory to remember everything perfectly. But wait, Ipromised to memory hack at the start of the episode. So what can we do whileit's true that there isn't really a way to strengthen your
但一般來說，語義記憶是我們的思想生活在大腦的大部分區域，即大腦皮層。所以讓我失望的是，没有辦法神奇地利用你的語義記憶來完美地記住每件事。但是等等，我在這一集開始的時候就答應過記憶黑客。所以，我們能做什麼，而這是真的，没有一個真正的方法來加強你的

semantic memory.
語義記憶。

Exactly. You canbroaden your knowledge of the world by reading a lot of books, consuming a lotof media and generally exposing yourself to different ideas and cultures. Butthat isn't exactly a hack. So today I'm going to teach you how to apply acouple of the hacks we learned in previous episodes in a new way.
確切地。你可以通過閱讀大量的書籍，使用大量的媒體，以及讓自己接觸不同的思想和文化，從而拓寬你對世界的認識。但這並不完全是一次黑客攻擊。所以今天我要教你如何用一種新的方式來應用我們在前幾集學到的一些技巧。

We're going tokeep building on this information in future episodes too. So stay tuned tolearn how to become a real memory pro for now. Let's talk about the numbermethod from episode one and the pegword method from episode
我們也會在以后的節目中繼續利用這些信息。所以請繼續關注，學習如何成為一個真正的記憶專家。讓我們從第一集開始講第一集的方法

three. If youneed a bit of a refresher course, here's a recap. In episode one, we learnedfrom the memory expert, Harry Lorraine, how to change numbers into words byconverting every number into a consonant sound, the rest of this memory hack,we'll assume you remember which number corresponds to which sound.
三個。如果你需要一些進修課程，這里有一個回顧。在第一集中，我們從記憶專家哈里·洛林那里學到了如何通過將每個數字轉換成輔音來將數字變成單詞，接下來的記憶技巧，我們假設你記住了哪個數字對應哪個聲音。

So if you aren'tsure I'd suggest going back and listening to the last half of episode one. Forexample, the number nine, four one can correspond to the word bread. The numberone zero seven can correspond to the word desk. In episode three, we learnedabout the pegword method. That involves a memorizing, a list of 10 items bypicturing them as part of a scene that you've associated with each number,instead of focusing on specific associations or pegs, let's learn to rememberthings by freely associating concepts to introduce this idea.
所以如果你不確定的話，我建議你回去聽聽第一集的后半部分。例如，數字九、四可以對應於面包這個詞。數字一零七可以對應單詞桌。在第三集，我們學習了pegword方法。這包括一個記憶，一個10個項目的清單，通過把它們想象成你與每個數字相關聯的場景的一部分，而不是專注於特定的聯系或標點，讓我們通過自由聯想概念來學習記憶事物來引入這個想法。

Here's theindelible Harry Lorraine. Again, he's explaining how he went from failing testsin middle school to ACEing them. By learning to associate words in the rightway. He used memorizing the capital of Maryland Annapolis. As an example, westarted to get hundreds on the tests. And one day I walked into the classroom.
這是不可磨滅的哈里·洛林。再一次，他在解釋他是如何從中學考試不及格到取得優異成績的。學會用正確的方式聯系單詞。他記得馬里蘭州的首都安納波利斯。舉個例子，我們開始在測試中得到幾百個。有一天我走進教室。

Mrs gold Fisherwas sitting at her desk and she said, Harry, come in for a minute. And shesaid, what is happening? What happened? You're getting hundreds now on thesetests, which I always thought you would just see like a very intelligentperson, but you were getting failing grades. What happens? So I told her, Isaid, well, I learned how to remember the answers to the questions you asked.
戈爾德·費舍爾太太坐在她的辦公桌旁，她說：“哈利，進來一會兒。”。她說，發生什麼事了？怎麼搞的？你現在在這些測試中得到了成百上千的成績，我一直以為你會看到你是一個非常聰明的人，但是你的成績卻不及格。會發生什麼？所以我告訴她，我說，我學會了如何記住你所問問題的答案。

What do youmean? What are you talking about? Now I gave it as example about a D capital ofMaryland. I said, well, what, uh, when you ask what's the capital of Marylandis the way I remembered it. I visualize Mary and I pointed to a little girl inthe class was named Mary. I pointed to Mary and I visualized, I visualize themApple, an Apple, a big Apple is landing.
什麼意思？你在說什麼？現在我舉了一個關於馬里蘭州首府的例子。我說，嗯，當你問馬里蘭州的首府是什麼時，我記得是這樣的。我想象著瑪麗，我指著班上一個叫瑪麗的小女孩。我指著瑪麗，我想象著，我想象著他們蘋果，一個蘋果，一個大蘋果正在落地。

Is landing onMary's head. Mary lands, an Apple is that gave me all the information. I'mtying the two things together. Visualizing an Apple is landing on Mary's head.That gave me the answer to this the way I can never forget it. And as I'mtalking, I'm looking at mrs. Goldfish and I see her eyes start to glaze overand she says, okay, Harry, take your seats.
落在瑪麗的頭上。瑪麗·蘭德，一個蘋果給了我所有的信息。我把這兩樣東西綁在一起。想象一個蘋果落在瑪麗的頭上。這給了我一個永遠不會忘記的答案。當我說話的時候，我看著夫人。金魚和我看到她的眼睛開始發呆，她說，好吧，哈利，坐好。

She thought I was crazy.
她認為我瘋了。

Harry's teacherdidn't appreciate his methods, but we do Harry remembered Annapolis byvisualizing an Apple is landing on Mary's head. Annapolis, Maryland. He isparticularly creative with his association images and we won't get that complextoday, but I wanted to offer a few more specific ways you can use the toolswe've already talked about by associating words together, visually in a similarway to what Harry is doing here.
哈利的老師不欣賞他的方法，但我們知道哈利通過想象一個蘋果落在瑪麗的頭上而想起了安納波利斯。馬里蘭州安納波利斯。他對聯想圖像特别有創意，我們今天不會有那麼復雜，但我想提供一些更具體的方法，你可以使用我們已經討論過的工具，把文字聯系在一起，以一種類似於哈利在這里所做的方式。

I mean, if youstart using the number method more frequently, it might become difficult toremember which number is supposed to correspond to which thing. So if you wantto memorize a friend's address, the price of something, or even your doctor'sphone number, while keeping it all straight in your head, here's what you do.
我的意思是，如果你開始更頻繁地使用數字方法，可能會很難記住哪個數字應該對應哪個東西。所以，如果你想記住一個朋友的地址、價格，甚至你醫生的電話號碼，同時把這些都記在腦子里，下面是你要做的。

The basic ideaof this method is that you create an image in your mind using the word versionof the number and whatever person or thing it's related to doing. This can takea bit of training. So we're going to give you three examples with the scenariosI just mentioned. First memorizing your friend's address.
這個方法的基本思想是，你用數字的單詞版本以及與之相關的任何人或事，在你的腦海中創建一個圖像。這需要一些訓練。所以我們要給你們舉三個例子來說明我剛才提到的場景。首先記住你朋友的地址。

Let's say yourfriend Paul lives on four 10 Prince street in your city. Wherever that mightbe, you begin by turning the number into a word four, one zero can correspondto the word rats. So let's use that. Now we're left with three things toassociate your friend, Paul, the word rats and the word Prince.
假設你的朋友保羅住在你城市普林斯街10號。不管是哪種情況，你從把數字變成一個單詞4開始，0可以對應於單詞rats。所以讓我們用這個。現在我們只剩下三件事來聯系你的朋友保羅，老鼠和王子。

Maybe you can imagine that Paul is wearinga crown sitting in a throne and presiding over a kingdom of rats. The moreridiculous the images, the easier to remember it will be. Then whenever you tryto remember where Paul lives you'd think of him as the Prince of rats. Andremember that this means he lives on four 10 Prince street.
也許你可以想象保羅戴著王冠坐在寶座上，掌管著一個老鼠王國。圖像越荒謬，記憶就越容易。每當你想記起保羅住在哪里，你就會認為他是老鼠王子。記住這意味著他住在王子街10號。

Next let's think aboutmemorizing the price of a car. This is an example from
接下來讓我們考慮一下記住汽車的價格。這是來自

Harry's book andtitled the memory book. Say if there's a used car on Craigslist for $3,102 and86 cents a very specific price. I know just like last time we start by turningthis number into a word or a couple of words. Well, three one zero, two eight,six, Ken correspond to the words, Madison and fish.
哈利的書，取名為記憶之書。假設Craigslist上有一輛二手車，售價3102美元86美分，這是一個非常具體的價格。我知道就像上次我們開始把這個數字變成一個詞或幾個詞。好吧，三一零，二八，六，肯對應的詞是麥迪遜和魚。

So to memorizethe price of the car. Imagine a sick car being given medicine from a fish. Whenyou think of car medicine, fish you'll remember that the price of the car is$3,102 and 86
所以要記住車價。想象一下，一輛生病的汽車被一條魚給藥。當你想到汽車藥，魚你會記得汽車的價格是3102美元和86美元

early. There'smemorizing your doctor's phone number. This one is also from Harry's book.Suppose your doctor's number is nine four zero eight. Two one two, once again,let's turn that number into a word or a series of words. One possibility forthis one is brass fountain. That phrase happens to separate the first threenumbers and the last four numbers.
很早。你還記得你醫生的電話號碼。這個也是哈利的書。假設你的醫生號碼是九四零八。再一次，讓我們把這個數字變成一個單詞或一系列單詞。其中一種可能是黃銅噴泉。這個短語正好把前三個數字和后四個數字分開。

But if you'retrying to come up with your own, there's no need to be strict about that. Youcan use whatever comes to mind, no matter how the numbers wind up beingseparated for this, you can imagine your doctor splashing around in a brass.Fountain, or maybe you can picture a representation of a doctor, like astethoscope winding around a brass fountain, or maybe the stethoscope is in thecenter of the fountain, squirting out water.
但如果你想提出你自己的，就没必要嚴格要求。你可以用任何想到的東西，不管數字怎麼被分開，你可以想象你的醫生穿著銅管到處亂扔。噴泉，或者你可以想象一個醫生的形象，比如一個聽診器纏繞在一個黃銅噴泉上，或者聽診器在噴泉的中心，噴出水。

There are plentyof possibilities. So that's the basics of using association and imagery toremember things. We use the number system as an example in this case, but thereare countless ways you can tweak this method to remember other things,appointments, new words, people's names and more.
有很多可能性。所以這就是運用聯想和意象記憶事物的基本原理。我們以數字系統為例，但是有無數種方法可以調整這種方法來記住其他事情、約會、生詞、人名等等。

Let's see if you've beenpaying attention.
看看你有没有注意到。

Do you rememberthe three scenarios? We just talked about, grab a piece of paper and a penciland we'll have a quick pop quiz. Well first, what was the address of yourfictional friend? Paul, pause the podcast. If you have to think about it, thenwrite it down next. What was the price we memorized first, write down theobject then the price again, you can pause the podcast if necessary.
你還記得這三個場景嗎？我們剛談過，拿一張紙和一支鉛筆，我們會有一個快速的小測驗。首先，你虛構的朋友的地址是什麼？保羅，暫停播客。如果你要考慮一下，那就把它寫下來。我們先記下價格是多少，再寫下物品的價格，必要時可以暫停播客。

Finally, whatwas the phone number? We memorized first. Write down whose number it is thenwrite down the number. How did you do first? Paul lived on four 10 Princestreet. The car costs $3,102 and 86 cents. And your doctor's phone number isnine four zero eight two one two. I bet it was a lot easier to remember thesenumbers than if you weren't using the system.
最后，電話號碼是多少？我們先背。寫下是誰的號碼，然后寫下號碼。你一開始怎麼樣？保羅住在普林斯街10號。這輛車售價3102美元86美分。你醫生的電話號碼是九四零八二一二。我打賭記住這些數字比不使用這個系統要容易得多。

If you keeppracticing with this number system and related associations, it will start tocome more and more easily. Just keep at it. Even though there's no way tomemorize things more easily, by making them go into your semantic memory, wecan all strive to improve our memories by adopting systems like this futureepisodes.
如果你繼續練習這個數字系統和相關的協會，它將開始越來越容易來。堅持下去。即使没有辦法更容易地記憶事物，通過讓它們進入你的語義記憶中，我們都可以通過采用類似未來情節的系統來努力改善我們的記憶。

We'll continue to build on these concepts.So stay tuned for more next week on memory booster, we'll be learning moreabout one of the most famous memory tricks in the world. The memory palace. Youwon't want to miss it.
我們將繼續以這些概念為基礎。所以請繼續關注下週關於記憶增強的更多信息，我們將學習世界上最著名的記憶技巧之一。記憶宮殿。你不會想錯過的。